And all of those being virtually scientifically useless efforts and part of national prestige space race v2.0.

Want to protect mankind from global extinction? Spend more on planetary defense at a tiny fraction of the cost of contaminating Mars with humans and thereby preventing a definitive answer to the most important question in science - is extraterrestrial life common, evolving independently elsewhere or could panspermia be involved?:

Colonizing Mars means contaminating Mars – and never knowing for sure if it had its own native life - November 6, 2018

https://theconversation.com/coloniz...ive-life-103053

"Given that the exploration of Mars has so far been limited to [sterilized] unmanned vehicles, the planet likely remains free from terrestrial contamination. But when Earth sends astronauts to Mars, they’ll travel with life support and energy supply systems, habitats, 3D printers, food and tools. None of these materials can be sterilized in the same ways systems associated with robotic spacecraft can. Human colonists will produce waste, try to grow food and use machines to extract water from the ground and atmosphere. Simply by living on Mars, human colonists will contaminate Mars."

Astrobiology Vol. 17, No. 10
Searching for Life on Mars Before It Is Too Late
1 Oct 2017

https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/ast.2017.1703

"Planetary Protection policies as we conceive them today will no longer be valid as human arrival will inevitably increase the introduction of terrestrial and organic contaminants and that could jeopardize the identification of indigenous Martian life."

__________________
The other day I sat next to a woman who has a profound fear of flying. I wanted to comfort her, so I said, "Don't worry, we're not gonna' crash. Statistically, we got a better chance of being bitten by a shark." Then I showed her the scar on my elbow from a shark attack. I said, "I got this when my plane went down off of Florida." - Dennis Regan